"Baring the body in the bedroom": body image, sexual self-schemas, and sexual functioning among college women and men.

"Baring the body in the bedroom": body image, sexual self-schemas, and sexual functioning among college women and men. Abstract A growing literature points to the role of body-image attitudes inhuman sexual functioning. Specifically, body dissatisfaction andexcessive psychological investment in one's physical appearance maylead to physical self-consciousness and body exposure avoidance duringsexual relations sexual relationspl.n.1. Sexual intercourse.2. Sexual activity between individuals. , which in turn may impair sexual desire, enjoyment, andperformance. The present research with 145 college women and 118 collegemen evaluated a contextual body-image measure, the Body Exposure duringSexual Activities Questionnaire (BESAQ), which assesses anxious/avoidantbody focus during sex. Findings supported the BESAQ's reliabilityand validity. Associat ions with sexual functioning were stronger for theBESAQ than for trait body-image measures. For both sexes, better sexualfunctioning was related to less anxious/avoidant body focus and strongersexual self-schemas. Physical self-consciousness during sexual relationsfocused substantially on weight and gender-relevant attributes. Clinicaland research implications of the findings are considered. Introduction Body image refers to human experiences of embodiment and is amulti-faceted construct incorporating persons' perceptions andattitudes about their own body, especially their physical appearance(Cash & Pruzinsky, 2002). Body-image attitudes include one'sappearance-related cognitions (or schemas), emotions, and behaviors(Cash, 2002b). Most body-image research has focused on eatingdisturbances among women (Cash & Pruzinsky, 2002; Thompson,Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). Clearly, body image hasimplications for other facets of psychosocial psychosocial/psy¡¤ cho¡¤so¡¤cial/ (si?ko-so¡äshul) pertaining to or involving both psychic and social aspects. psy¡¤cho¡¤so¡¤cialadj.Involving aspects of both social and psychological behavior. functioning in both sexes(Cash & Fleming, 2002; Cash & Pruzinsky, 2002). Body-imageevaluations can influence one's interest in and experiences duringsexual activities. Masters and Johnson's (1970) classic perspectiveon "spectatoring" and Barlow's (1986) emphasis on anxiousself-focus have concentrated more on self-scrutiny of sexual performancethan on concerns about bodily appearance. However, scientists haverecently found that body dissatisfaction may inhibit sexual behavior sexual behaviorA person's sexual practices–ie, whether he/she engages in heterosexual or homosexual activity. See Sex life, Sexual life. andinterfere with the quality of sexual experiences (Wiederman, 2002). Much research on body image and sexual functioning assesses bodyimage as a global trait dimension--especially o verallsatisfaction-dissatisfaction with one's appearance. A promisingcomplementary approach examines body-image experiences in particularsituational contexts (Cash, 2002a). Reflecting the need for anassessment of body image within sexual contexts, Hangen and Cash (1991)developed the Body Exposure during Sexual Activities Questionnaire(BESAQ) to measure anxious attentional focus on and avoidance of bodyexposure during sexual relations. Their preliminary evidence and thatfrom another study (Faith & Schare, 1993) offered initial support ofthe BESAQ's reliability and its convergent and discriminantvalidity Discriminant validity describes the degree to which the operationalization is not similar to (diverges from) other operationalizations that it theoretically should not be similar to. . The central purpose of the present research was to investigatefurther the validity of this 28-item measure with both male and femalecollege students. We examined the BESAQ's relationship to severaldispositional or trait body-image measures--global body satisfaction,overweight preoccupation, and psychological investment in one's ownappearance. Because obesity is associated with a poorer body image (Cash& Roy, 1999; Schwartz & Brownell, 2004), we also examined therelationship of the BESAQ to body mass index. Recent research attests tothe utility of the sexual self-schema construct in understanding thequantity and quality of sexual experiences (Andersen & Cyranowski,1994; Andersen, Cyranowski, & Espindle, 1999). Sexual self-schemasare defined as "cognitive generalizations about sexual aspects ofoneself that are derived from past experience, manifest in currentexperience, influential in the processing of sexually relevant socialinformation, and guide sexual behavior" (Andersen & Cyranowski,1994, p. 1079). We measured this construct in the current study toascertain its relationship to the BESAQ. Perhaps most importantly Adv. 1. most importantly - above and beyond all other consideration; "above all, you must be independent"above all, most especially , wesought to discern how the BESAQ and other study variables predictedparticipants' sexual functioning. Accordingly, the research hadeight specific objectives or hypotheses: 1. The BESAQ was expected to be associated with poorer trait bodysatisfaction, more overweight preoccupation, and more dysfunctionalappearance investment. 2. We hypothesized a modest positive correlation Noun 1. positive correlation - a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with large values of the other and small with small; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and +1direct correlation of the BESAQ andbody mass, with heavier persons reporting more anxious self-focus andexposure avoidance during sexual relations. 3. Weaker sexual self-schemas were expected to be associated withgreater selfconsciousness and exposure avoidance during sex. 4. BESAQ scores were expect ed to be predictable from both traitbody-image measures and sexual self-schemas. 5. We hypothesized that the BESAQ would predict aspects of sexualfunctioning--experiences of desire, arousal, orgasm orgasm/or¡¤gasm/ (or¡ägazm) the apex and culmination of sexual excitement.orgas¡ämic or¡¤gasmn. , and overall sexualsatisfaction. 6. We expected that the context-specific BESAQ's predictiveefficacy of sexual functioning would exceed that found for traitbody-image variables. 7. A multivariate analysis examined whether the BESAQ, along withother variables in the study, uniquely explained variance Explained variance is part of the variance of any residual that can be attributed to a specific condition (cause). The other part of variance is unexplained variance. The higher the explained variance relative to the total variance, the stronger the statistical measure used. in sexualfunctioning. 8. The literature on body image and sexuality lacks specificityregarding the physical self- foci of body image in this context.Therefore, a final, exploratory objective of this study was to providedescriptive information to answer the questions: What physicalcharacteristics do men and women feel self-conscious about during sexualrelations, and how do the sexes differ? Method Participants Sexually active college students at Old Dominion University “ODU” redirects here. For other uses, see ODU (disambiguation).The university was recently named one of the best colleges in the Southeast by The Princeton Review. , 145women and 118 men, participated voluntarily for extra credit inpsychology classes. Their median age was 21 years (range = 18 to 50).They were exclusively or predominantly heterosexual; 59% were White and26% African American African AmericanMulticulture A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.See Race. ; 88% were unmarried; and 60% had only one sexualpartner in the past year. They had been sexually active for a medi an of5 years and were in their current relationship for 1.8 years. Body massindex (BMI BMIbody mass index. BMIabbr.body mass indexBody mass index (BMI)A measurement that has replaced weight as the preferred determinant of obesity. = kg/m2) of men and women averaged 25.1 (SD = 4.2) and 24.0(SD = 5.6), respectively. Measures and Procedure In a research laboratory, following informed consent, participantsindividually and anonymously completed a demographic information formand these assessments: Body Exposure during Sexual Activities Questionnaire (BESAQ; Cash,2004a; Hangen & Cash, 1991): The BESAQ is a 28-item measure ofanxious attentional focus on and avoidance of body exposure during sex.Exemplary items are: "I don't like my partner to see mecompletely naked during sexual activity." "During sexualactivity I try to hide certain areas of my body." "I amself-conscious about my body during sexual activity." Respondentsrate each item on a 5-point frequency scale (0 = "Never " to 4= "Almost Always"). Higher scores reflect more self-consciousfocus and avoidance. In the present study, the BESAQ's internalconsistency In statistics and research, internal consistency is a measure based on the correlations between different items on the same test (or the same subscale on a larger test). It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores. (Cronbach's alpha Cronbach's (alpha) has an important use as a measure of the reliability of a psychometric instrument. It was first named as alpha by Cronbach (1951), as he had intended to continue with further instruments. ) was .95 for men and .96 for women. Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ MBSRQ Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire ; Brown,Cash, & Mikulka, 1990; Cash, 2004a): Two subscales of thewell-validated MBSRQ were used. Higher scores on the 9-item Body AreasSatisfaction Scale (BASS) indicate greater satisfa ction, on average,with specific physical areas or attributes (e.g., face, weight, lowertorso, height, etc.) on a 5-point response scale. The 4-item OverweightPreoccupation Scale (OPS Ops(ŏps), in Roman religion, goddess of harvests. She was the wife of Saturn, by whom she bore Jupiter and Juno. At her festivals, the Opiconsivia and the Opalia, held in August and December, respectively, she was worshiped as a goddess of sowing ) consists of 5-point ratings of fat anxiety,weight vigilance, eating restraint, and dieting, with higher scoresindicating greater preoccupation. In this sample, internal consistenciesof the BASS and OPS, respectively, were .80 and .74 among men and .82and .80 among women. Appearance Schemas Inventory (ASI ASI,n See Anxiety Sensitivity Index. ; Cash & Labarge, 1996): Thisis a 14-item assessment of dysfunctional investment in one'sappearance. Using a 5-point disagreeagree response format, exemplaryitems include: "I should do whatever I can to a lways look mybest." "My appearance is responsible for much of what hashappened to me in my life." Higher scores reflect morepsychological investment in one's appearance. The ASI'sinternal consistency in this study was .84 for men and .85 for women. Sexual Self-Schema Scale (SSSS SSSSStaphylococcus scalded skin syndrome, see there ; Andersen & Cyranowski, 1994;Andersen et al., 1999): The SSSS is an adjectival ad¡¤jec¡¤ti¡¤val?adj.Of, relating to, or functioning as an adjective.adjec¡¤ti inventory thatmeasures one's self-concept as a "sexual person,"consisting of a 50-item form for women and a 45-item form for men. Itemsdo not explicitly refer to sexuality. Each adjective is rated from 0("not at all descriptive") to 6 ("verydescriptive"). The SSSS is composed of three factor dimensions foreach sex. Among women, this self-view is one of passionate-romantic,open-direct, and (not) embarrassed-conservative. Among men, this is aself-view of passionate-loving, powerful-aggressi ve, and open-minded orliberal. In each case, higher scores indicate greater sexualself-schematicity. In this sample, the internal consistency of the SSSSwas .79 for men and .85 for women. Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ CSFQ Core-Stateless Fair Queueing ; Clayton,McGarvey, & Clavet, 1996, 1997): The CSFQ is a validated 14-itemself-report measure of sexual functioning vis-a-vis experiences ofpleasure, desire, arousal, and orgasm. There are different forms for menand women that reflect some variation in wording of items, with 5-pointresponse options for each item. The CSFQ has subscales for sexualpleasure (1 item), desire/frequency (2 items), desire/interest (3items), arousal (3 items), and orgasm (3 items). In addition, a 14-itemtotal score may be calculated. Higher scores are indicative of morefavorable sexual functioning. In this study, the internal consistency ofthe CSFQ total score was .77 for men and .80 for women. Physical Self-Consciousness duri ng Sex Questionnaire (PSCSQ):Developed for this study, the inventory asks participants how often andhow intensely they experience selfconsciousness about 14 bodyareas/attributes during sexual relations (e.g., chest/breasts, hips,buttocks buttocks/but¡¤tocks/ (but¡äoks) the two fleshy prominences formed by the gluteal muscles on the lower part of the back. , thighs, scalp hair, etc.). Ratings were made on 5-point (0 to4) scales for each dimension and characteristic. A frequency X intensitycross-product gauged respondents' extent of self-consciousnessabout each attribute. Results Relationships of Trait Body Image and Body Mass with the BESAQ In relation to the first objective of the study, Pearsoncorrelations evaluated the BESAQ's associations with traitbody-image satisfaction, overweight preoccupation, and appearanceinvestment. As hypothesized, Table 1 confirms moderate relationships forboth sexes. Greater anxious self-focus and exposure avoidance during sexwas associated with less overall body satisfaction, more overweightpreoccupation, and more dysfunctional investment in one's physicalappearance. The study's second objective entailed an examination of therelationship of the BESAQ and body mass. As hypothesized, significantmodest relationships indicated that heavier persons reported somewhatmore anxious/avoidant body focus during sex. Relationships of Sexual Self-Schemas with the BESAQ The study's third objective was to examine the relationshipsof sexual self-schemas with BESAQ scores. Table 1 shows that women, butnot men, with a more sexual self-view reported less anxious/avoidantbody focus during sex. Analyses of SSSS factor scales revealed that allthree schema subscales were significantly (p < .01) related towomen's BESAQ scores (i.e., romantic-passionate, r = -.24;open-direct, r = -.23; and embarrassedconservative, r = .26). For men,only a powerful-aggressive self-view was significantly negativelycorrelated with the BESAQ (r = -.2 3, p < .05); passionate-loving andopenminded liberal self-views were unrelated to self-consciousness andexposure avoidance during sex. Multivariate Prediction of BESAQ Scores Regarding the study's fourth objective, standard multiplelinear regressions examined the prediction of BESAQ scores from thetrait body-image dimensions and sexual selfschemas. For men, each of thethree trait body-image variables significantly predicted BESAQ scores([R.sup.2] = .44, p < .001)--body dissatisfaction ([beta] = -.42, p< .001), appearance investment ([beta] = .28, p < .001), andoverweight preoccupation ([beta] = .19, p < .02). For women, bodydissatisfaction ([beta] = -.41, p < .001) and appearance investment([beta] = .38, p < .001) predicted the BESAQ ([R.sup.2] = .44, p <.001). Sexual self-schemas did not account for variance unexplained bythese trait body-image measures. Correlates and Prediction of Sexual Functioning Sexual functioning was measured by the CSFQ. Consistent withhypotheses from the study's fifth objective, Table 1 shows that forboth sexes, persons experiencing more anxious/avoidant body focus duringsex had significantly poorer sexual functioning in their currentrelationship. This was true for reported sexual pleasure, frequency ofsexual desire, and arousal and orgasmic experiences. It is noteworthythat correlations were generally higher for women than men. Table 2 summarizes the relationships of study variables with thecomposite CSFQ index of sexual functioning. As hypothesized in thestudy's sixth objective, for both sexes, the context-specific BESAQcorrelated with sexual functioning more strongly than did the traitbody-image measures. Body mass was unrelated to sexual functioning.Sexual selfschemas were significantly positively associated with sexualfunctioning for both women and men. Pertinent to the seventh research objective, multiple regressionanalyses examined the prediction of sexual functioning from variable sthat were significantly correlated with the CSFQ (from Table 2). Forwomen and men alike, two predictors accounted for significant variancein sexual functioning--sexual self-schemas and the BESAQ ([R.sup.2] =.20 for women and .16 for men, p < .001). More favorable functioningwas related to less anxious/avoidant body focus ([beta] = -.21 for men,p < .02, and -.25 for women, p < .002) and a more sexuallyschematic self-view ([beta] = .32 and .31, respectively, p < .001).Among women, this self-view reflected the composite of all threedimensions; for men, it reflected the powerful-aggressive sexualself-view. During Sex, Who are Physically Self-Conscious about What? In the study's final objective, we examined the physical fociof self-consciousness during sexual activities, using the PSCSQ. Table 3summarizes these data. Higher values reflect more frequent and intenseself-consciousness about a specific physical characteristic. It isempirically noteworthy that the mean composite PSCSQ scores weresignificantly correlated with the BESAQ (r = .61 for women and r = .69for men, p < .001). Among women, the top five foci were: (1) weightin general, (2) thighs, (3) waist, (4) buttocks, and (5) hips. Amongmen, these foci were: (1) weight in general, (2) muscularity, (3) waist,(4) chest, and (5) genitals gen¡¤i¡¤talspl.n.Genitalia. . As Table 3 shows, F tests indicated that,compared to women, men reported significantly more self-consciousnessduring sex about their scalp hair, lower arms/hands, and upperarms/shoulders. Women were more self-conscious than men about theirweight in general, thighs, hips, and buttocks. Discussion A growing literature highlights the importance of the body-imageconstruct to various aspects of sexual functioning (Wiederman, 2002).The principal purpose of this investigation was to evaluate further thereliability and validity of a measure of body-image experiencesoccurring specifically in sexual contexts. This 28-item Bo dy Exposureduring Sexual Activities Questionnaire assesses anxious self-focus onand avoidance of exposing aspects of one's physical appearance insexual contexts. The ideas and observations of Masters and Johnson Masters and Johnson,pioneering research team in the field of human sexuality, consisting of the gynecologistWilliam Howell Masters, 1915–2001, b. Cleveland, and the psychologistVirginia Eshelman Johnson, 1925–, b. (1970) and Barlow (1986) about the role of spectatoring or cognitiveinterference in sexual dysfunction sexual dysfunctionInability to experience arousal or achieve sexual satisfaction under ordinary circumstances, as a result of psychological or physiological problems. have focused more onperformance-based distraction. However, some evidence suggests that thedistinction between performance-oriented and appearance-focusedattention may be less clear for women (Dove & Wiederman, 2000). The present research confirms and extends preliminary rese archevidence of the reliability and validity of the BESAQ (Faith &Schare, 1993; Hangen & Cash, 1991). In our sample of sexuallyactive, heterosexual college women and men, we found that the highlyinternally consistent BESAQ converged appropriately (i.e., moderately)with three trait measures of body image for both sexes. Bivariate bi¡¤var¡¤i¡¤ate?adj.Mathematics Having two variables: bivariate binomial distribution.Adj. 1. correlations indicated that more anxious/avoidant body focus wasassociated with more trait body dissatisfaction, overweightpreoccupation, and dysfunctional investment in one's appearance. Aheavier body mass was also modestly related to more anxious/avoidantbody focus during sex, consistent with evidence of a more negative bodyimage among overweight or obese persons (Cash & Roy, 1999; Schwartz& Brownell, 2004). However, the findings indicated that suchself-conscious and avoidant experiences were more clearly related tobeing weight-preoccupied than to actual weight. For men, each of the three body-image traits explainedincrementally unique variance in their BESAQ scores. For women,anxious/avoidant self-focus on appearance was also predictable from bodydissatisfaction and appearance investment, which accounted for theiroverweight preoccupation. Thus, such self-conscious body-imageexperiences during sex reflect both discontent with one's body ingeneral and greater psychological investment in one's looks as asource of self-evaluation. The latter dimension increases the likelihoodof attending to and processing appearance-related information inspecific situational contexts (Cash, 2002b; Cash, Fleming, Alindogan,Steadman, & Whitehead, 2002; Cash, Melnyk, & Hrabosky, 2004;Labarge, Cash, & Brown, 1998; Williamson, Stewart, White, &York-Crowe, 2002). Results confirmed our hypothesis that higher BESAQ scores would beassociated with poorer levels of sexual functioning. Both women and menwith more anxious/av oidant appearance self-focus during sex indicatedless positive experiences vis-a-vis most aspects of their current sexualfunctioning. They reported less enjoyment of their sex life, lessfrequent desire for sex, as well as less consistency and quality intheir experiences of sexual arousal sexual arousalHorny/horniness, randy/randiness Physiology A state of sexual 'yellow alert' which has a mental component–↑ cortical responsiveness to sensory stimulation, and physical component–↑ penile sensitivity, neural response to stimuli, and orgasm. The only aspect ofsexual functioning that was unrelated to the BESAQ pertained to sexualdesire as reflected by fantasized rather than actual experience. Thesefindings collectively support the validity of the BESAQ. The fact thatonly minimal or nonsignificant non¡¤sig¡¤nif¡¤i¡¤cant?adj.1. Not significant.2. Having, producing, or being a value obtained from a statistical test that lies within the limits for being of ran dom occurrence. associations were observed between traitbody-image measures and sexual functioning affirms the importance ofcontextual body-image assessment. Thus, the BESAQ is a much betterpredictor of sexual functioning than are measures of body image asgeneral trait dispositions. What matters most are the bodyimageexperiences in the experiential sexual context. With respect to sexual self-schemas, our results expand those fromWiederman and Hurst (1997), who found that women with more positivesexual self-schemas rated themselves as more physically attractive andreported less social avoidance due to body-image anxiety. We also foundthat sexually self-schematic women (Andersen & Cyranowski, 1994),who viewed themselves as romantic-passionate, open-direct, and notembarrassedconservative persons, reported less anxiousself-consciousness and body-exposure avoidance during sex. Perhaps theirconsistent self-identity as a "sexual person" leads them tofocus more on the self-cong ruent experience of sexual behaviors andsensate sen¡¤sateor sen¡¤sat¡¤edadj.1. Perceived by a sense or the senses.2. Having physical sensation. pleasures than on a partner's potential evaluations oftheir appearance. Among men, one facet of sexual self-schemas (Andersenet al., 1999) was associated with BESAQ scores. Specifically, men with apowerful-aggressive self-view (but not necessarily passionateloving oropen-minded liberal self-views) reported less anxious/avoidant physicalselffocus during sex. Perhaps this identity entails a more active orassertive behavioral orientation to sex rather than a reflective orrelational orientation. Men lacking this selfview are somewhat moreself-conscious about their body during sex. Notwithstanding these modestassociations between the BESAQ and sexual self-schemas, regressionanalyses confirmed that both variables independently contributed to theprediction of sexual functioning for women and men. Although our findings confirm the salienc e sa¡¤li¡¤ence? also sa¡¤li¡¤en¡¤cyn. pl. sa¡¤li¡¤en¡¤ces also sa¡¤li¡¤en¡¤cies1. The quality or condition of being salient.2. A pronounced feature or part; a highlight.Noun 1. of body-imageexperiences in sexual relations, they offer no insight into the specificfoci of concerns for women and men. An assessment of the frequency andintensity of self-consciousness about various physical characteristicswas elucidating. Women's most self-conscious foci were their weightand gender-relevant shape attributes--weight in general, thighs, waist,buttocks, and hips. Men's foci were their weight in general,muscularity, waist, chest, and genitals. Relative to women, men weremore self-conscious about their scalp hair, lower arms/hands, and upperarms/shoulders, whereas women were more self-conscious about weight,thighs, hips, and buttocks. In sum, both women and men report physicalself-consciousness during sex, but they focus on different,gender-relevant physical characteristics. Directio ns for future research are myriad. As body-imageresearchers often exclusively study women (Cash, 2004b), our inclusionof men in the study was an important direction. Recent research pointsto body-image issues that many boys and men face, particularly concernsabout conforming to societal ideals of muscularity (Cohane & Pope,2001; Corson & Andersen, 2002; Olivardia, 2002). Our findings derivefrom a sample of individuals in their current sexual relationship for anaverage of nearly 2 years, and 60% of our sample had only one sexualpartner in the past year. As Wiederman (2002) notes, research is lackingon the role of body-image experiences in persons' first sexualencounter with a new partner. In one study of such experiences, Yamamiyaand Cash (2002) found that women with higher BESAQ scores reported moreambivalence/acquiescence in their decision to have sex with the partner,greater emotional detachment during sex, and more subsequent regret andconcerns about acceptance. F urther research on body image in sexualcontexts should expand the diversity of samples to study older adults,gay and lesbian individuals, persons with physical disabilities, andclinical populations (e.g., those with sexual dysfunctions). Body-image experiences are integral to the quality of life of womenand men, including the quality of sexual life (Cash & Fleming, 2002;Cash, Jakatdar, & Williams, in press). An anxious, self-consciousfocus on one's appearance and avoidance of bodily exposure duringsex may undermine one's sexual functioning. These and other data(Wiederman, 2002) suggest the value of incorporating body-imageinterventions into the treatment of sexual dysfunctions. For example,cognitive-behavioral body-image therapy (Cash, 1997; Cash &Hrabosky, 2004; Cash & Strachan, 2002) is an efficacious ef¡¤fi¡¤ca¡¤cious?adj.Producing or capable of producing a desired effect. See Synonyms at effective.[From Latin effic treatmentof bodyimage difficulties and disorders, with outcomes empirically shownto ameliorate a¡¤mel¡¤io¡¤rate?tr. & intr.v. a¡¤me¡¤lio¡¤rat¡¤ed, a¡¤me¡¤lio¡¤rat¡¤ing, a¡¤me¡¤lio¡¤ratesTo make or become better; improve. See Synonyms at improve.[Alteration of meliorate. physical self-consciousness during sex (Grant & Cash,1995). References Andersen, B.L., & Cyranowski, J.M. (1994). Women's sexualself-schema. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (often referred to as JPSP) is a monthly psychology journal of the American Psychological Association. It is considered one of the top journals in the fields of social and personality psychology. , 67,1079-1100. Andersen, B.L., Cyranowski, J.M., & Espindle, D. (1999).Men's sexual self-schema. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 76, 645-661. Barlow, D.H. (1986). Causes of sexual dysfunction: The role ofanxiety and cognitive interference. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology The Jou rnal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (JCCP) is a bimonthly psychology journal of the American Psychological Association. Its focus is on treatment and prevention in all areas of clinical and clinical-health psychology and especially on topics that appeal to a broad , 54, 140-148. Brown, T.A., Cash, T.F., & Mikulka, P.J. (1990). Attitudinalbody-image assessment: Factor analysis of the Body-Self RelationsQuestionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 135-144. Cash, T.F. (1997). The body image workbook work¡¤book?n.1. A booklet containing problems and exercises that a student may work directly on the pages.2. A manual containing operating instructions, as for an appliance or machine.3. : An 8-step program forlearning to like your looks. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger har¡¤bin¡¤ger?n.One that indicates or foreshadows what is to come; a forerunner.tr.v. har¡¤bin¡¤gered, har¡¤bin¡¤ger¡¤ing, har¡¤bin¡¤gersTo signal the approach of; presage. Publications. Cash, T.F . (2002a). Beyond traits: Assessing body image states. InT.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory,research, and clinical practice (pp. 163-170). NY: Guilford Press. Cash, T.F. (2002b). Cognitive behavioral perspectives on bodyimage. In T.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook oftheory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 38-46). NY: Guilford Press. Cash, T.F. (2004a). Body-image assessments: Manuals andquestionnaires. Available from the author's web site athttp://www.body-images.com. Cash, T.F. (2004b). Body image: Past, present, and future. BodyImage: An International Journal of Research, 1, 1-5. Cash, T.F., & Fleming, E.C. (2002). The impact of body-imageexperiences: Development of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory.International Journal of Eating Disorders eating disorders,in psychology, disorders in eating patterns that comprise four categories: anorexia nervosa, bulimia, rumination disorder, and pica. Anorex ia nervosa is characterized by self-starvation to avoid obesity. , 31, 455-460. Cash, T.F., Fleming, E.C., Alindogan, J., Steadman, L., &Whitehead, A. (2002). Beyond body image as a trait: The development andvalidation of the Body Image States Scale. Eating Disorders: The Journalof Treatment and Prevention, 10, 103-113. Cash, T.F., & Hrabosky, J.I. (2004). The treatment ofbody-image disturbances. In J.K. Thompson, (Ed.) Handbook of eatingdisorders and obesity (pp. 515-541). New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Wiley. Cash, T.F., Jakatdar, T.A., & Williams, E.F. (in press). TheBody Image Quality of Life Inventory: Further validation with collegemen and women. Body Image: An International Journal of Research. Cash, T.F., & Labarge, A.S. (1996). Development of theAppearance Schemas Inventory: A new cognitive body-image assessment.Cognitive Therapy cognitive therapyn.Any of a variety of techniques in psychotherapy that utilize guided self-discovery, imaging, self-instruction, and related forms of elicited cognitions as the principal mode of treatment. and Research, 20, 37-50. Cash, T.F., Melnyk, S.E., & Hrabosky, J.I. (2004). Theassessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of theAppearance Schemas Inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders,35, 305-316. Cash, T.F., & Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.) (2002). Body image: Ahandbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York: GuilfordPress. Cash, T.F., & Roy, R.E. (1999). Pounds of flesh: Weight,gender, and body images. In J. Sobal & D. Maurer (Eds.),Interpreting weight: The social management of fatness and thinness (pp.209-228). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Cash, T.F., & Strachan, M.D. (2002). Cognitive behavioralapp roaches to changing body image. In T.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky(Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinicalpractice (pp. 478-486). New York: Guilford Press. Clayton, A.H., McGarvey, E L., & Clavet, G.J. (1996). Changesin Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ)--Validation study.Psychopharmacology psychopharmacology(sī'kōfär'məkŏl`əjē), in its broadest sense, the study of all pharmacological agents that affect mental and emotional functions. Bulletin, 32, 423. Clayton, A.H., McGarvey, E.L., & Clavet, G.J. (1997). Changesin Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ)--Development, reliability,and validity. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33, 731-745. Cohane, G.H., & Pope, H.G., Jr. (2001). Body image in boys: Areview of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29,373-379. Corson, P.W., & Andersen, A.E. (2002). Body image issues amongboys and men. In T.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body i mage: Ahandbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 192-199). NewYork: Guilford Press. Dove, N.L., & Wiederman, M.W. (2000). Cognitive distraction andwomen's sexual functioning. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy,26, 67-78. Faith, M. S., & Schare, M. L. (1993). The role of body image insexually avoidant behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior Archives of Sexual Behavior is an academic sexology journal and the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research.Contributions consist of empirical research (both quantitative and qualitative), theoretical reviews and essays, clinical case , 22, 345-356. Grant, J.R., & Cash, T.F. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral bodyimage therapy: Comparative efficacy of group and modest-contacttreatments. Behavior Therapy behavior therapyor behavior modification,in psychology, treatment of human behavioral disorders through the reinforcement of acceptable behavior and suppression of undesirable behavior. , 26 , 6984. Hangen, J.D., & Cash, T.F. (1991). The relationships ofbody-image attitudes to sexual functioning and experiences in a normalcollege population. Paper presented at the annual meeting of theAssociation for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, NY, NY. Labarge, A.S., Cash, T.F., & Brown, T.A. (1998). Use of amodified Stroop task to examine appearance schematic informationprocessing information processing:see data processing. information processingAcquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and dissemination of information. Today the term usually refers to computer-based operations. in college women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22,177-188. Masters, W., & Johnson, V. (1970). Human sexual inadequacy.Boston, MA: Little, Brown. Olivardia, R. (2002). Body image and muscularity. In T.F. Cash& T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research,and clinical practice (pp. 210-218). New York: Guilford Press. Schwartz, M.B., & Bro wnell, K.D. (2004). Obesity and bodyimage. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 1, 43-56. Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L.J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S.(1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body imagedisturbance. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Wiederman, M.W. (2002). Body image and sexual functioning. In T.F.Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory,research, and clinical practice (pp. 287-294). New York: Guilford Press. Wiederman, M.W., & Hurst, S.R. (1997). Physical attractiveness Physical attractiveness is the perception of the physical traits of an individual human person as pleasing or beautiful. It can include various implications, such as sexual attractiveness, cuteness, and physique. ,body image, and women's sexual self-schema. Psychology of WomenQuarterly, 21, 567-580. Williamson, D.A., Stewart, T.M., White, M.A., & York-Crowe, E.(2002). An information-processing pers pective on body image. In T.F.Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory,research, and clinical practice (pp. 47-54). New York: Guilford Press. Yamamiya, Y., & Cash, T.F. (2002). Body image and sexualdecision-making. Unpublished manuscript, Old Dominion University,Norfolk, VA. Thomas F. Cash, Ph.D. (1), Cheryl L. Maikkula, B.S. (1), and YukoYamamiya, M.S. (2) Contact information for corresponding author: Thomas F. Cash, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Old DominionUniversity, Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States of America. With a population of 234,403 as of the 2000 census, Norfolk is Virginia's second-largest incorporated city. 23529 USA; Telephone: (757) 683-4439; Fax:(757) 683-5087; E-mail: TCash@odu.edu. (1) Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VAUSA (2) Department of Psychology, University of South Florida ••[ , Tampa,FL USA

Handwoven Bowls of Diversity.

Handwoven Bowls of Diversity. My "Handwoven hand¡¤wo¡¤ven?adj.1. Woven on a hand-operated loom: handwoven rugs.2. Woven by hand: handwoven baskets.Adj. 1. Bowls of Diversity" project came to me whenI was working on a very limited budget and wanted to create a weavinglesson that would produce a unique product. I have seen many styles ofweaving throughout my art career, so I adapted this weaving method bycombining various techniques. Using only paper plates as a loom and bagsof leftover yarn for materials, my students and I were able to createsomething beautiful. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] CULTURE Throughout history, weavings have not only been made tokeep us warm and cover our floors, but they have also been created totell stories of triumph, glory, pains and struggles, and to show ourancestry and heritage. Weaving is truly a multicultural exper ience and atype of expression that has been found all over the world--it was evenused in cave art cave art:see Paleolithic art; rock carvings and paintings. times. There are glorious examples of American Indian,Asian, African, Mexican, Middle Eastern and Hawaiian weavings thatdemonstrate various styles, techniques, colors and stories of manycultures. We talked about the similarities of cultural weavings as well asthe ways they are different, and the many uses of weaving, from clothingto rugs. As we talked about culture and people, the students wanted toknow where these places were, and by looking at world maps we reallystarted to understand these faraway places. It became a great experiencenot only in making something beautiful, but also in teaching culturalgeography Cultural geography is a sub-field within human geography. Cultural Geography is the study of spatial variations among cultural groups and the spatial functioning of society. in a memorable way. [ILLUSTRATIONS OMITTED] THE PROCESS It was time to begin the process of weaving. First, wecreated our looms using round cardboard disks or paper plates. In orderto find the center of disk, we reviewed radius and how to find thediameter of circles. Students measured one-inch portions around thecircumference of the disk, and used scissors to create small slits forweaving. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Each student then measured five yards of yarn and began setting upthe loom. Students chatted about the colors they were choosing, sayingthey chose an American Indian color scheme of bold earth tones, or thebright, vibrant colors of Mexican weavings. The students had such anin-depth understanding of weaving! It really became important to themthat the colors they chose matched the ideas and schemes of a certainculture. Once students chose their colors, they began weaving using anunder-and-over motion. At first they struggled with keeping a pattern,but soon all was silent. They were so intent on thei r motions that theyforgot to talk! After the weaving was complete and had been removed fromthe cardboard loom, students had the option of adding beads as anembellishment. The quiet while they were weaving also proved to be agreat opportunity to talk about the culture and diversity of the peopleand traditions we find throughout the world. CONSUMERISM As we talked about ancient weaving, the question ofcost arose. Students are always amazed a¡¤maze?v. a¡¤mazed, a¡¤maz¡¤ing, a¡¤maz¡¤esv.tr.1. To affect with great wonder; astonish. See Synonyms at surprise.2. Obsolete To bewilder; perplex.v.intr. to hear the prices of art. Westarted by talking about the cost of ancient tapestries and how most ofthem are museum quality. The conversation then turned to modern-day forms of weaving. It wasinteresting to note that most of the students assumed weaving was nolonger being done. I showed them it indeed is alive and well, and can bevery expensive, especially hand-woven garments and rug s. Oriental rugsare not only beautiful and extremely durable, they are also costly dueto the material used in production. We considered production, talking about handmade weaving versusmass-produced weavings, and their differences. We discussed which oneshould cost more and why. We also looked at images of largeindustrial-made rugs, which helped the students understand just how muchis invested in the production of large weavings, even today. CRAFTSMANSHIP Teaching weaving also teaches the ideals ofcraftsmanship, through care for students' work and dedication tothe final product. Weaving gives students the ability to understand aprocess-based unit of study, as well as a study of culture anddiversity, and a way to emulate an ancient tradition in modern-day art.They now have a richer, more complex understanding of the world ofweaving, and its impact on civilization and the culture in which welive. VOCABULARY Circumference Critical thinking Diameter Garments Hypothesize hy¡¤poth¡¤e¡¤size?v. hy¡¤poth¡¤e¡¤sized, hy¡¤poth¡¤e¡¤siz¡¤ing, hy¡¤poth¡¤e¡¤siz¡¤esv.tr.To assert as a hypothesis.v.intr.To form a hypothesis. Industrialization industrializationProcess of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. The changes that took place in Britain during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and 19th century led the way for the early industrializing nations of western Europe and Interlocking interlocking/in¡¤ter¡¤lock¡¤ing/ (-lok¡äing) closely joined, as by hooks or dovetails; locking into one another. interlockingObstetrics A rare complication of vaginal delivery of twins; the 1st pattern Loom Radius Shuttle Textiles Warp Weft LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upper-elementary and middle-school students will ... * develop their sewing, knotting, beading beading,n the scribing of a shallow groove (less than 0.5 mm in width or depth) on a cast that outlines the major connector. It is used to transfer the design to the invest ment cast and ensure tissue contact of the major connector. and weaving abilities bycreating a handwoven bowl. * apply the principles of form, texture, design and contrast totheir work. * compare and contrast weaving techniques to troubleshoot andinterpret information. * hypothesize about the outcomes of their woven creations. * identify the various stylistic differences between cultures ofweaving. * understand the significance of weaving within the IndustrialRevolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, enabling massproduction of textiles. * understand child labor child labor,use of the young as workers in factories, farms, and mines. Child labor was first recognized as a social problem with the introduction of the factory system in late 18th-century Great Britain. in many present-day Third World countriescontributes to the mass production of garments. MATERIALS * Multicolored yarn * Plastic weaving needles * Beads * Round cardboard disks or heavy-duty pa per plates * Pencils, rulers and scissors RESOURCES The following Web sites contain reproductions of the weavings ofvarious cultures including Navajo, European, Asian and Middle Eastern: * www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving * www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa085.shtml * www.tribalexpressions.com/weaving/ weaving.htm * www.ethnomath.org/resources/ bird1982.html Karla Gearhart teaches art at Verner Elementary School elementary school:see school. in Verona,Pa.

The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter.

The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter. The Magical Worlds Of Harry Potter David Colbert Berkeley Group 375 Hudson St., New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of NY 10014 042519891X $12.95 www.penguin penguin,originally the common name for the now extinct great auk of the N Atlantic and now used (since the 19th cent.) for the unrelated antarctic diving birds. .com Now expanded to include the latest Harry Potter title, Order Of ThePhoenix, David Colbert's collection of myths, legends and factssurrounding Harry Potter will delight any interested in the sources ofHarry's fantasy adventures. Harry Potter fans of all ages will findMag ical Worlds Of Harry Potter packed with fascinating facts aboutwizards, spells, and fantasy worlds This is a partial list of fictional fantasy worlds, according to the medium they appear in: Novels and short storiesAlaga?sia - Christopher Paolini novels Amber - Roger Zelazny's The Chronicles of Amber novels Arda - J.R.R. relating to relating torelate prep → concernantrelating torelate prep → bez¨¹glich +gen, mit Bezug auf +accPotter. Originallypublished in 2002, this new and expanded edition includes over sixtypages of significantly updated material.

What is modern behaviour?

What is modern behaviour? DANIEL KAUFMAN. Archaeological perspectives on the origins ofmodern humans: a view from the Levant Levant(ləvănt`)[Ital.,=east], collective name for the countries of the eastern shore of the Mediterranean from Egypt to, and including, Turkey. . xii+141 pages, 5 figures, 10tables. 1999. Westport (CT): Bergin & Garvey; 0-89789-578-9 hardback$72.95. OFER BAR-YOSEF Ofer Bar-Yosef (born 1937) is an Israeli archaeologist whose main field of study has been the Palaeolithic period.He was Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, the institution where he originally studied archaeology at undergraduate and & DAVID PILBEAM David Pilbeam is the Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University and curator of paleoanthropology at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology a nd Ethnology. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University. (ed.). The geography ofNeandertals and Modern humans in Europe and the greater Mediterranean(Peabody Museum The Peabody Museum can refer to several museums founded by or dedicated to George Peabody: George Peabody House Museum at his birthplace in Peabody, Massachusetts Peabody Leather Museum in Peabody, Massachusetts Bulletin 8). x+197 pages, 69 figures, 31 tables. 2000.Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology ethnology(ĕthnŏl`əjē), scientific study of the origin and functioning of human cultures. It is usually considered one of the major branches of cultural anthropology, the other two being anthropological archaeology and ;0-87365-958-9 paperback $25. C.B. STRINGER, R.N.E. BARTON & J. FINLAYSON (ed.). Neandertalson the edge: papers from a conference marking the 150th anniversary ofthe Forbes' Quarry discovery, Gibralt ar. xi+267 pages, 150 figures,36 tables. 2000. Oxford: Oxbow; 1-84217-015-5 hardback 45 [poundssterling]. It is now some 20 years since the `Out of Africa' hypothesisimpacted on our views of modern human origins. The arrival of thesethree volumes together provides a timely opportunity to examine how farour understanding has developed since then. The volumes contrast in thatone is a personal essay on the subject, one derives from a brief seminarand the third from a more formal conference with a theme derived fromthe anniversary of the Gibraltar skull finds. Despite this difference,there is much to be gained by reading them in conjunction, not least abetter understanding of where these studies have reached. It is clear,for example, that the application of radiometric dating has opened upquestions of contemporaneity between Neanderthals and modern humans andclarified the relationships between different lithic lith¡¤ic?1?adj.Consisting of or relating to stone or rock.Adj. 1. li thic - of or containing lithium2. lithic - relating to or composed of stone; "lithic sandstone" industries. It alsoshows the complexity of addressing behaviour and ecology across a mosaicof landscapes. In the elapsed time, the use of DNA DNA:see nucleic acid. DNAor deoxyribonucleic acidOne of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all living cells and many viruses. It is the chemical substance of genes. for examining therelationships between hominids has also been informative: allowing forconcern over extrapolating from a small sample, the mitochondrial DNAstudy of the Neander Valley specimen strongly suggests that Neanderthalsare a separate species from ourselves. Equally important are therefinements in our understanding of the environmental changes sinceOxygen Isotope Stage (OIS Noun 1. OIS - agency that oversees the intelligence relationships of the Treasury's offices and bureaus and provides a link between the Intelligence Commu nity and officials responsible for international economic policyOffice of Intelligence Support ) 5. There were clearly times at: which therate of change would have been memorable to generations of humans--thepicture of huge ice masses and environmental turnover becomes, at times,of a human scale. It remains the challenge for these studies to identifywhat a `human' scale might be. A flier for one of the DalrympleLectures of 2001 by Professor Stringer read `even if the Neanderthalswere not our ancestors, they were fully human'. As ever, the debateabout Neanderthals falls quickly into the most fundamentalquestion--what defines a `human'? The question as to what is `human' behaviour is one touched onin most detail by Kaufman who, on the basis of lithic technology andecology as interpreted from the archaeological record in the Levant,suggests that there was very little to separate Neanderthals fromourselves. In a well-ordered and thoughtful essay, he presents aposition where the cultural similarities between Middle EasternNeanderthals and Modern Humans are believed to be too close to disregardtheir potential interaction. Although he recognises the DNA evidence Among the many new tools that science has provided for the analysis of forensic evidence is the powerful and controversial analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, the material that makes up the genetic code of most organisms. asimportant, interaction in the cultural sphere is stressed with all the`modern' cultural traits present in homini ds by OIS 5. DidNeanderthals give us something other than genes? What is important inthis essay is the suggestion that although there appears to be rapiddrawing together of `modern' cultural traits, this is because of acommon and ancient ancestry belonging in the Lower Palaeolithic. Thisshould become a wonderful starting point for a review of the Acheuleanand is a challenge that now needs to be met. Bar-Yosef & Pilbeam draw together a number of separ ate paperson the geography of Neanderthals and modern humans in the `GreaterMediterranean'. It is a shame that much of North Africa is dealtwith so briefly in chapters 6 (Bar-Yosef) and 7 (Hublin), but this is areflection of the need for more research in that area. What makes it allthe more potentially interesting is the late survival of Neanderthals inSpain below the Ebro Valley, where it seems populations of modern humanswere kept out for some 5-10,000 years. The Middle Palaeolithicindustries of southern Spain have been likened to those of NorthAfrica--flake cleavers, tanged pieces, etc.--does the new evidencerefute these suggested links? Recent work by Barton et al. (2001) inMorocco has great potential to address some of these issues. The paper by Carbonell et al. in this volume is a very usefulsynthesis of the new data but this issue is not dealt with effectively.It is, however, raised in the Gibraltar volume (Stringer et al.) where anumber of papers present a wide rang e of data and discussion on the Ebrofrontier theory and its implications (Zilhao, Raposo, Cabrera et al.)with more specific data presented by a number of other authors (Pachecoet al., Pan et al., Pasto et al. and Sanchez). The Iberian evidenceshows a lag in colonization by modern humans and suggests theAurignacian is intrusive, Neanderthals using Mousterian technology wereable to compete for many generations and it is only with a significantand long-term environmental change that modern humans replace them. The `classical' area of France is dealt with in both volumesby Mellars, who presents the chronological and lithic data and itsimplications in his usual clear manner. At the Gibraltar conferenceMellars is complemented by a paper on the southern Mousterian by Szmidt,an area outside Mellars' key concern and supported by Rigaudworking mostly within the Perigord. The Middle to Upper Palaeolithictransition is seen as a revolution with the Chatelperronian beingascribed to Neand erthals adopting modern behaviour. Indeed, it is aquestion as to whether there is a `transition' or a replacement.Discussion of the Italian evidence matches that for France, with theearliest Upper Palaeolithic, the Ulluzian, being considered the productof acculturation acculturation,culture changes resulting from contact among various societies over time. Contact may have distinct results, such as the borrowing of certain traits by one culture from another, or the relative fusion of separate cultures. (Kuhn & Bietti in Bar-Yosef & Pilbeam). Kozlowski's paper in the latter covers a large geographicalarea with significant archaeological variability, and pattern seen to bedifficult to discern. The paper would benefit from a little moreintrusive editing. It is likely that this area is the origin of theAurignacian and thus the pivotal location for understanding theMiddle-Upper Palaeolithic transition. There does seem to a chronologicalpattern of east-west spread of the A urignacian into western Europeassociated with modern humans, but hominid hominidAny member of the zoological family Hominidae (order Primates), which consists of the great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) as well as human beings. fossils are rare and thisstill needs to be tested. The Afterword in the Bar-Yosef & Pilbeamvolume presents summary maps for this that are useful (as indeed aremuch of the data presented in that work). The importance of the Levant for this debate is unquestionable andthe evidence is ably summarized by Bar-Yosef in both volumes. Thecomparison of this cultural `revolution' with a later one (theNeolithic) in the Gibraltar work is an interesting method of addressingthe issues and of considering the nature of cultural change. In theGeography volume a great deal of useful data is described and madeaccessible. It should be stressed that this volume concentrates on thedrawing together of much data so that an effective geography of t hearchaeology of Neanderthals and modern humans can be discussed. In thisit is most successful. Whilst it raises significant questions, this workis an effective attempt at synthesizing material so that furtherinvestigation can be attempted. A most significant question is that of Neanderthal/modern humaninteractions and this is addressed by Hublin in the Geography. The roleof geography in these interactions is considered and identified forlithic technology but the notion that Homo neanderthalensis is aseparate species is presented as a conclusion. The author believes therewas cultural interaction but no significant genetic contribution. The Gibraltar conference has many papers on the current worklinking the Gibraltar sites to southern Iberia (Findlayson &Pacheo), summarizing the status of the skull and Neanderthal studies(Stringer), the dating of the sites and its implications (Pettitt &Bailey, Volterra et al. and Rink et al.). Taphonomy ta¡¤phon¡¤o¡¤my?n.1. The st udy of the conditions and processes by which organisms become fossilized.2. The conditions and processes of fossilization. and environmentalevidence is well presented and important at these sites, showing therole of different agencies in creating the deposits, the environmentsavailable to the inhabitants and the nature of the occupations (papersby Fernandez & Andrews, Macphail & Goldberg and Currant currant,northern shrub of the family Saxifragaceae (saxifrage family), of the same genus (Ribes) as the gooseberry bush. The tart berries of the currant may be black, white, or red; the white gooseberry becomes purple when mature. ).Particularly informative are papers on the charred remains (Gale &Carruthers) and hearths (Barton), giving a rare insight into the use offire in food processing. The introduction of quantities of shellfish tothe site is also of interest--they must have come from an estuarine es¡¤tu¡¤a¡¤rine?adj.1. Of, relating to, or found in an estuary. 2. Geology Formed or deposited in an estuary.Adj. 1. estuarine - of or relating to or found in estuariesestuarial context some distance away. A discussion of containers and their role inboth transport and storage is lacking but will no doubt be included inthe on-going studies. A paper on chert chert:see flint. sourcing (Volterra et al.) is ofinterest but the work is still at a preliminary stage. Also relativelynew is the use of computer-assisted methods of reconstructingNeanderthal morphpology. Two papers on this demonstrate the potential ofthe techniques for extracting additional information from knownspecimens (de Leon et al. and Thompson & Illerhaus). A paper byTrinkaus on robusticity across the Neanderthal/modern human`transition' shows the subtle nature of morphological changes witha mosiac of differences across the skeleton relating to differentelements. The final paper addresses the suggestion of craniofacial craniofacial/cra¡¤nio¡¤fa¡¤cial/ (kra?ne-o-fa¡äsh'l) p ertaining to the cranium and the face. cra¡¤ni¡¤o¡¤fa¡¤cialadj.Of or involving both the cranium and the face. ontogeny ontogeny:see biogenetic law. OntogenyThe developmental history of an organism from its origin to maturity. It starts with fertilization and ends with the attainment of an adult state, usually expressed in terms of both maximal body , the differential rates of growth and development of the skullbetween Neanderthal and modern examples. The first paper in the Gibraltar volume examined environmentalchange (Davies et al.) and I review it last as it has implications farbeyond Gibraltar. The contrast between different stages of the lastglacial and the highly variable rates of those changes must be stressed.The subtle development of the unique environments that earlier humansexploited is clear and the challenge now is to draw the fullest pictureof this ecology. Only once this is done can the true nature of theinteractions between Neanderthals and modern humans be e ffectivelyunderstood geographically. The importance of Neanderthal/modern human studies lies in theessence of understanding the origins of ourselves. It is the one periodof history where we, as anthropologists, can study both ourselves andanother hominid in close juxtaposition. It is a testing ground for theapplicability of both method and theory and should challenge ourconsideration of who and what we are. It should require us to examinenot just the data but the underlying philosophies of what anthropologyis attempting, how and why. The question referred to but neversatisfactorily answered is what is `modern' behaviour? Kaufman refers to this often whilst the other volumes present aconsiderable amount of valuable new studies with less synthesis. All arereadable, valuable for the data presented and thought provoking. It is acliche that it is the victors that write history; what these volumescannot do is tell us whether, in this case, the losers could havewritten it! Refer ence BARTON, R.N.E., et al. 2001. Bridging the gap: new fieldwork innorthern Morocco, Antiquity 75: 489-90. Tim Reynolds, County Archaeology Office, ELH ELH English Literary HistoryELH North Eleuthera, Bahamas (Airport Code)ELH Entity Life History (database)ELH Early Life HistoryELH Epic Level Handbook (Dungeons and Dragons)1108 Castle Court,Shire Hall, Cambridge CB3 0AP, England.tim.reynolds@cambridgeshire.gov.uk

Teachscape XL, Professional Development Platform: Teachscape.

Teachscape XL, Professional Development Platform: Teachscape. TEACHSCAPE Teachscape XL, Professional Development Platform Internet InternetPublicly accessible computer network connecting many smaller networks from around the world. It grew out of a U.S. Defense Department program called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), established in 1969 with connections between computers at the , Starting at $1,500 Teachscape has merged two of its technologies: PDS (1) (Processor Direct Slot) A single expansion slot on certain, early Macintosh models that was used to connect high-speed peripherals as well as additional CPUs. Providing a channel directly to the CPU, the PDS coexisted with NuBus slots on some models. 2, the onlinecase study content database and search engine, and Online ProgramManager, the professional development content resource, to create thenew Teachscape XL. The result is an online professional developmentresource that combines every element of Teachscape's training,including text, videos and interactive applications, into a single,searchable library. The library allows teachers, instructional leadersor administrators to easily assemble items or create new resources,enabling professional training to be custom designed for a particulardistrict. www.teachscape.com Kurt Kurt is a given name. Its principal English variant is Curt, while others include Cord, Curd, and Kort. It originated as a short form of Curtis, Konrad (Conrad), and Kunibert. O. Dyrli is products editor(kdyrli@districtadministration.com)

Well worth consulting on consulting.

Well worth consulting on consulting. Is consulting for you? A primer for information professionals. ByUlla De Stricker. Chicago: American Library Association, 2008. 144 pp.US$40.00 (ALA members US$36.00) soft cover ISBN ISBNabbr.International Standard Book NumberISBNInternational Standard Book NumberISBNn abbr (= International Standard Book Number) → ISBN m13: 9780838909478. Libraries employ consultants for all sorts of reasons--managingprojects, benchmarking, problem solving problem solvingProcess involved in finding a solution to a problem. Many animals routinely solve problems of locomotion, food finding, and shelter through trial and error. , strategic planning Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including it s capital and people. and forspecial expertise and objective advice. De Stricker makes the pointsthat 'information and knowledge management is the domain oflibrarians', and that librarians and information professionalspossess skills which are well-suited to consulting. She identifiesopportunities for librarians in consulting to libraries and library-likeentities (e.g. archives, museums), non-library knowledge-intensiveorganisations and information and publishing industries. This is a very practical book, drawing on the author'sexperience in the information industry and in running her ownconsultancy company. She writes in an entertaining way about whatconsulting is, the realities of life as a consultant, and the personalcharacteristics needed. For example, she addresses the perceptions(sometimes reality) of being a consultant, including 'I make adifference', 'My experience can benefit many','I'm in charge of my own schedule', 'I'm athome'. She also asks difficult questions t o help prospectiveconsultants determine whether consultancy is for them, such as: 'Doyou have patience and emotional detachment?' 'Could you workseveral months at a stretch without a day off if projects pile up?''Are you comfortable working alone?' 'Do you have theexperience and courage of conviction to put forward your ownrecommendations?' De Stricker also lists pitfalls, such asunpredictable income, uneven schedules, impact on family life,professional isolation, 'work is all around me', and givestips on how to deal with these issues. Practical examples illustrate heradvice on establishing your business, marketing, writing proposals,dealing with contracts, and fee-setting. The book is well structured, with tips and examples giventhroughout; there is a list of background reading (universally useful)on the career outlook for consultants, and a list of resources (mostlyNorth American North Americannamed after North America.North American blastomycosissee North American blasto mycosis.North American cattle ticksee boophilusannulatus. ) for small businesses. The index is excellent--clear,logical and comprehensive. I highly recommend this little book--it isvery readable, and it will interest those who hire consultants, thosewho work as consultants and those who think they might like to tryconsulting. Sherrey Quinn Libraries Alive! Pty Ltd PTY LTD Propriety Limited (company structure in Australia)

It's all your business: developing professional studio documents. (Professional Resources).

It's all your business: developing professional studio documents. (Professional Resources). What is the independent music studio? Educational facility? Artsorganization? Private business? Many would recognize their studios to beall three. Others might fear that treating a private studio as abusiness would take away from the artistic and nurturing nature of theirwork. As an increasing number of people work from the home--accountants,lawyers, writers--it is much more common for a private music studio tobe seen as a small business. One of the best ways to present one'sstudio as a business, or at least in a businesslike busi¡¤ness¡¤like?adj.1. Showing or having characteristics advantageous to or of use in business; methodical and systematic.2. Purposeful; earnest.3. fashion, is todevelop written materials for the studio. Such materials save time an denergy, contribute to organization, enhance studio and teacherrecognition and present the independent studio in a more professionallight.Studio Name and LogoRegardless of studio size, it is a good idea to give your studio aname before developing any written materials. A name should be chosencarefully, as you can use it on all studio documents. It also is helpfulto have a studio logo designed to include on all materials. In this dayof computers and technology it is easy for most teachers to designstudio materials or to ask a friend for help. If you don't have acomputer, a graphic arts graphic arts:see aquatint; drawing; drypoint; engraving; etching; illustration; linoleum block printing; lithography; mezzotint; niello; pastel; poster; silk-screen printing; silhouette; silverpoint; sketch; stencil; woodcut and wood engraving. specialist can assist you with designing andproducing your studio logo and ensuring that all your studio materialshave a similar font fontor typeface or type familyAssortment or set of type (alphanumeric characters used for printing), all of one coherent style. Before the advent of computers, fonts were expressed in cast metal that was used as a template for printing. , color, format and so forth.Studio BrochuresThe studio brochure is a promotional tool to help highlight you andyour studio. What is special about your approach to music? What isspecial about you? What do you want your students and their parents toknow about you? A brochure can be as simple as an 8 1/2" by11" piece of paper folded in thirds (see diagram at right). Someitems to consider when highlighting your studio are:* Private Music Lessons* Music Theory* Technique* Music History* Performance Classes* Recitals* Music Computer Lab* Listening Work Station* Ensemble Playing* Sight Reading* Ear Training* Group Lessons* Jazz Improvisation This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the for details.This article has been tagged since September 2007.There are many different ways to go about describing Jazz improvisation. * Composition* Music LibraryA brief biography also may be included, listing your educationalbackground, number of years teaching, professional affiliations andpositions, and any awards or honors you or your students have received.One panel can contain a brief summary of your teaching philosophy.Pictures of you and your students can add interest.Once completed, this brochure may be Mailed to present and futurestudents and left at libraries and schools. It will say a great dealabout you as a teacher and can be updated annually.Business CardA business card needs to include all your important contactinformation: your name, studio name, address, phone number and emailaddress See Internet address. . You may want to include a short phrase about your studio orwhat you do, but it is best to keep it simple. Business cards need to bevisually appealing, without excessive information. Before I startedusing business cards, I didn't know just how handy they can be inprofessional settings and with prospective students.Stationery The term for boilerplate in the Eudora mail client, starting with Version 3.0. Stationery files are stored on disk and brought into new messages or added to replies. See boilerplate. Like a studio brochure and business card, stationery can bedesigned and stored on your computer. You can then use the design as atemplate, rather than needing to purchase expensive personalized per¡¤son¡¤al¡¤ize?tr.v. per¡¤son¡¤al¡¤ized, per¡¤son¡¤al¡¤iz¡¤ing, per¡¤son¡¤al¡¤iz¡¤es1. To take (a general remark or characterization) in a personal manner.2. To attribute human or personal qualities to; personify. stationery. The stationery will give your studio a more professionalappearance and can be used for all correspondence with students, parentsand colleagues.Studio CalendarEach year, a studio calendar can be devised, li sting when lessonsbegin, holidays or nonlesson days throughout the year, and dates forperformance classes, theory classes, festivals, competitions andrecitals. Mailing each student such a calendar at the beginning of theyear saves a great deal of time, since upcoming dates do not needadditional mailings or phone calls. Families also appreciate being ableto plan in advance for music commitments.Registration FormBefore you accept a student into your studio, it is helpful to havean adult complete a registration form. This will provide you withimportant information that will be needed in the future and will enableyou to maintain accurate student records. Possible items to include onyour registration form are:* Student's name* Birth date, if student is younger than 18* Address* Parents' or guardians' names* Daytime and evening phone numbers* Any personal circumstances of which the instructor should beaware (learning disability, health concerns)* Length of lesson preferred (with c ost of each listed)* Amount needed for book and fee deposit* A list of available lesson times* Day and time student prefers lessons--first, second and thirdchoices taken from list of available times* A place to check if student wishes to be on a lesson swap list* A place to sign giving consent for student's photo to beused for publicity purposes* A brief statement about make-up policy* A place to sign and date stating that the parent or guardian hasread and agrees to all the terms in the registration formOther FormsIf you believe studio records are hard to keep or studentinformation is difficult to finch finch,common name for members of the Fringillidae, the largest family of birds (including over half the known species), found in most parts of the world except Australia. you can devise a form based on yourneeds. Some additional forms that might suit your studio are:* Scholarship form* Lending library lend¡¤ing libraryn.A library from which books may be borrowed or rented fo r a minimal fee. Also called circulating library.Noun 1. record* Lesson inquiry/phone call form* Practice agreement* Practice record* Scale/technique chart* Student repertoire list* Music inventoryPolicy SheetProbably the most important document for any well-run studio is thepolicy sheet. Your studio policy statement lists every item that isimportant to your effectiveness as a teacher. You should present yourpolicies in a professional looking document, not in a "chatty chat¡¤ty?adj. chat¡¤ti¡¤er, chat¡¤ti¡¤est1. Inclined to chat; friendly and talkative.2. Full of or in the style of light informal talk: a chatty letter. "letter. The studio policy not only benefits you, but it is also of valueto parents and students, who appreciate the clarity of a formaldocument. There is nothing too big or too small to include. Somepossibilities are:* Tuition (amount and method of payment: monthly, semester se¡¤mes¡¤ter?n.One of two divisions of 15 to 18 weeks each of an academic year.[Ge rman, from Latin (cursus) s and soforth)* Book and fee deposit (amount and purpose: books, festival fees,recital Recital - dBASE-like language and DBMS from Recital Corporation. Versions include Vax VMS. fees, late payment fees, accompanist fees and so forth)* Make-up policy (what is and is not covered not coveredHealth care adjective Referring to a procedure, test or other health service to which a policy holder or insurance beneficiary is not entitled under the terms of the policy or payment system–eg, Medicare. Cf Covered. )* Swap-list information (explanation of how a swap-list functions)* Information about recitals and performances* Practice expectations* Group lessons* Theory classes* Computer lab* Parental involvement* Parking expectations* Correct time for calls to studio* Promptness in drop-off and pick-up* Short nails* Clean hands freedom from guilt, esp. from the guilt of dishonesty in money matters, or of bribe taking.See also: Hand * Purchase of metronome metronome(mĕ`trənōm'), in music, originally pyramid-shaped clockwork mechanism to indicate the exact tempo in which a work is to be performed. It has a double pendulum whose pace can be altered by sliding the upper weight up or down. * Well-maintained instrumentAnything that has presented a problem in the past can be addressedin the policy statement. If the sound of gum chewing chewingor masticationUp-and-down and side-to-side movements of the lower jaw, using the teeth to grind food for easier swallowing. During chewing, the tongue shapes food into a lump and saliva lubricates it for swallowing. in the lesson istorture, a sentence, "No gum chewing is allowed duringlessons," can be included. If collecting payments has become aproblem, include a statement such as, "A late-payment fee of $15will be deducted de¡¤duct?v. de¡¤duct¡¤ed, de¡¤duct¡¤ing, de¡¤ductsv.tr.1. To take away (a quantity) from another; subtract.2. To derive by deduction; deduce.v.intr. from t he book and fee deposit for all tuition notreceived by the tenth of the month." If students are abusing yourgood will by wanting make-up lessons for any and all reasons, include afirmly worded and clear statement, "Make-up lessons will not begiven for lessons missed by the student." If you are notcomfortable with a "no make-ups" policy, find the firmestpolicy you are comfortable with, state it in your policy and then stickwith it.We all have heard the phrase, "No one can take advantage ofyou without your consent." The policy document is where you dearlystate policies that help parents understand your expectations, whileallowing you to deal with any frustrations that may have troubled you inthe past. The final result of a professional studio policy is more timefor music making and less time for problems.Be sure to have a place at the bottom for an adult to sign statinghis or her agreement to all of the terms in your policy statement beforelessons are even started. If the adul t does not agree with yourpolicies, it is probably better for the student to study elsewhere.A new policy document can be mailed to all students and signed byan adult each year. A sample statement at the bottom of the page mightbe:I have read the XYZ XYZ?interj. InformalUsed to indicate to someone that the zipper of his or her pants is open.[ex(amine) y(our) z(ipper).] Studio Policy for 2002-2003 in its entirety,and I understand and agree to its conditions.(Signature of Parent, Guardian or Adult Student)(Date)Written studio materials help a studio to run efficiently. Teacher,parents and students all benefit from improved organization and clarityof expectations. Studio documents help present our profession in a newlight, a light that is chosen not by an outdated image of the musicstudio, but rather by today's independent music professional.Sample Brochure (Fold under) (Back) (Cover--Fold over back flap)Use this page and the three Put return address panels on the inside for: sideways and in the Studio Name corner, to use Biographical Information for mailing Studio Logo Student Achievements Your Name Studio Highlights Picture Teaching Philosophy Studio Address Pictures of you and your Phone students E-mail Address--Beth Gigante Klingenstein, NCTM NCTM National Council of Teachers of MathematicsNCTM Nationally Certified Teacher of MusicNCTM North Carolina Transportation MuseumNCTM National Capital Trolley MuseumNCTM Nationally Certified in Therapeutic Massage Valley City, North Dakota Valley City is a city in Barnes County, North Dakota in the United States. It is the county seat of Barnes CountyG R6. The population was 6,826 at the 2000 census. Valley City was founded in 1874. Bethhas been an independent music teacher for twenty-eight years and is onthe faculty of Valley City State University (VCSU VCSU Valley City State University (Valley City, ND, USA)) in North Dakota North Dakota,state in the N central United States. It is bordered by Minnesota, across the Red River of the North (E), South Dakota (S), Montana (W), and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba (N). ,where she also is the director of the VCSU Community School of the Arts School of the Arts is the name of several schools (usually high schools) that are devoted to the fine arts, including: Brooklyn High School of the Arts, Brooklyn, New York Charleston County School of the Arts, Charleston, South Carolina .