Lucky Boy.

Lucky Boy. Lucky Boy Louis Gino Perri, author Layna Williams, illustrator Bella House Publishing P.O. Box 2233, Dearborn, MI 48123 9780983082132, $19.95 313-909-1608 "Lucky Boy" is an amazing and heartwarming true storyabout a boy named Louie and his smart pet parakeet, who incidentally isbilingual. One day Lucky Boy, the bilingual parakeet and cherished pet,accidentally gets lost in a bad storm outside. Louie and his familysearch for Lucky Boy, calling him up and down the streets. They becomequite discouraged and fear the worst for Lucky Boy, but Louie keeps onsearching and hoping to find Lucky Boy. When he finally is miraculouslyreturned to the family by a kind neighbor who found him, they discoverjust how smart and special Lucky Boy really is. "Lucky Boy" isa rare treat for kids and adults of all ages. the warm, vibrant colorsof the il lustrations add to the impact of the true story.

Natives fight back using simple life courses.

Natives fight back using simple life courses. The shootings at Red Lake High School this spring brought to light some ugly statistics: Suicide among Native American youth is roughly 2.5 times higher than the national rate; alcohol-related deaths among this population between ages 15 to 24 are 17 times higher than national averages; and Native Americans' 35.5 percent school dropout (1) On magnetic media, a bit that has lost its strength due to a surface defect or recording malfunction. If the bit is in an audio or video file, it might be detected by the error correction circuitry and either corrected or not, but if not, it is often not noticed by the human rate is twice the U.S. average. Unfortunately, these U.S. Department of Justice numbers aren't news to insiders like John Oliveira, the national child abuse coordinator for the Bureau of India n Affair's Office of Law Enforcement Services in Billings, Mont. Suicide, he says, has been the second leading cause of death for youth aged 10 to 24 for years. "Quite honestly, it can't get much worse in Indian country Indian countryor Indian Countryn.1. Indian Territory.2. Federal reservation lands under Native American tribal jurisdiction. ," he says. The whys are cloudy. Research into this population has been sketchy, made more difficult by the amalgamation of tribes, cultures and customs. And, of course, history took its toll. "We have the highest violent crime rate, highest domestic violence rate, highest child abuse rates and the highest poverty and illiteracy rates," Oliveira says. "Is it institutionalized in¡¤sti¡¤tu¡¤tion¡¤al¡¤ize?tr.v. in¡¤sti¡¤tu¡¤tion¡¤al¡¤ized, in¡¤sti¡¤tu¡¤tion¡¤al¡¤iz¡¤ing, in¡¤sti¡¤tu¡¤tion¡¤al¡¤iz¡¤es1. a. To make into, treat as, or give the character of an institution to.b. racism and oppression from 150 years ago? Sure. But as we comm only say in Indian country, 'These are European influences, but they're native owned now. We have to do something about it within Indian country.'" Experts are defining education's role in the turnaround. Oliveira recently convinced The Jason Foundation, a school-based national teen suicide prevention Suicide prevention is an umbrella term for the collective efforts of mental health practitioners and related professionals to reduce the incidence of suicide through proactive preventive measures. program based in Nashville, not to be confused with the JASON Foundation, to develop its curriculum for Native American youth. According to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. foundation's President and CEO (1) (Chief Executive Officer) The highest individual in command of an organization. Typically the president of the company, the CEO reports to the Chairman of the Board. Clar k Flatt, the warning signs among this ethnic group don't differ from others so his program should reach this audience. The signs to look for in a friend include the person talking about suicide; feeling hopeless or worthless; preoccupied with death; and giving prized possessions away. Oliveira also advocates life-skills courses in schools--practical lessons like how to buy a car, manage a checkbook, and survive off the reservation. "We need to tell kids it's OK to leave, to go to college," he says. "You can come back if you choose to or not. But it doesn't take away your identity." Results at the 184 schools that the Bureau of Indian Affairs The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the Department of the Interior charged with the administration and management of 55.7 million acres (87,000 sq. runs using similar tools are promising. Stanley Holder, alcohol, drug and violence prevention specialist at the Center for School Improvement in the BIA's Office of Indian Education Programs, says they've seen a marked decrease in high-risk behaviors from 1997 to today. The only area that experienced a 2 percent increase: suicide ideation ideation/ide¡¤a¡¤tion/ (i?de-a¡äshun) the formation of ideas or images.idea¡ätional i¡¤de¡¤a¡¤tionn.The formation of ideas or mental images. . "Red Lake opened our eyes to the fact that we must be conscious daily of what our students are saying through their actions, their moods, and their activities to determine their true needs," Holder notes.

Confronting a racial achievement gap.

Confronting a racial achievement gap. BY THE TIME JAMES G. MERRILL became superintendent of VirginiaBeach (Va.) City Public Schools (VBCPS) in 2006, there wasn't muchto improve statistically, The district ranked first in readingproficiency among the neighboring seven cities and first on the combinedSAT; all schools had earned full Standards of Learning (SOL)accreditation from the Virginia Department of Education; and even therelationship between its elected school board, the community andadministrators was harmonious. "It's always been my nature to praise success but lookfor ways to improve," admits Merrill. Amid the district'sstellar overall performance was an elephant in the room that Merrillsoon learned needed to be addressed: a large racial achievement gapbetween Caucasian and African-American students. The district'sdisaggregated assessme nt data--including graduation rates, participationin advanced coursework, and state and national assessments--revealedthat black males in particular were performing well below their whitemale counterparts. "Racial achievement gaps weren't new concepts in2006," says Merrill, whose district is 55.8 percent Caucasian, 27.3percent African-American, 6 percent Hispanic, and 5.7 percent Asian."Everyone across the nation had finally started talking about themfront and center." Developing A Strategic Plan Merrill and his board developed "Compass to 2015: A StrategicPlan for Student Success" to encourage the community to addressraising student achievement, with the achievement gap between Caucasianand African-American male students as the third of five pointshighlighted. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] "The watershed moment in Dr. Merrill's tenure was thecreation and preliminary execution of Compass to 2015," says DanEdwards, VBCPS school board chairman since 1998. Merrill says that whatb egan as a straightforward program to create a strategic plan morphedinto a two-year districtwide research campaign involving parents,students, teachers and the business community. "I learned thatthere were shortcomings in the community by listening to groups that hadfelt disenfranchised," he says. "When you listened to whatkids experienced, it was a lack of a personal relationship withteachers. They were saying, 'By second semester, some teachersstill don't know my name.'" Creating a New Office To liaise between internal and external stakeholders on issues ofequity, Merrill developed the Office of Equity Affairs and hired EstherMonclova-Johnson as director, who previously served in similar positionsfor District of Columbia Public Schools. "The director has played amajor role in shaping the strategic plan, and serves as a co-chair forStrategic Objective 3, which addresses the necessity of closing academicachievement gaps," says Merrill. During her tenure thus far, Monclova -Johnson has established thedistrict's Equity Council; worked with the human resourcesdepartment on recruitment and retention of a diverse workforce;facilitated community outreach and mentoring programs such as Daywatch,which partners with a "Men of Faith" group to help elementaryAfrican-American male students suspended for bad behavior; and held"Candid Conversations about Race" (CCR) with staff to examinehow race relationships affect student achievement. Although achievement gaps remain, over the past three years thedistrict has eliminated the double-digit gap between African-Americanmales and their Caucasian peers in reading at both the eighth-grade andhigh-school levels, based on statewide testing, and reduced the gap inmath in certain grades. In addition, both the overall graduation rateand the percentage of African-American males successfully completing anadvanced course continue to increase, thanks to the efforts of Merrilland his administration to address racial equi ty issues. James G. Merrill Superintendent, Virginia Beach City Public Schools, since 2006 Age: 58 Salary: $213,151 Tenure: 3.5 years Students: 69,565 Faculty and staff: 16,788 Schools and learning centers: 85 Per-pupil expenditure: $10,796 Web site: www.vbschools.com Jennifer E. Chase is a contributing writer for DISTRICTADMINISTRATION.

Sharyn Jones. Food and gender in Fiji: ethnoarchaeological explorations.

Sharyn Jones. Food and gender in Fiji: ethnoarchaeological explorations. SHARYN JONES. Food and gender in Fiji: ethnoarchaeologicalexplorations. xvi+204 pages, 25 illustrations. 2009. Lanham (MD):Lexington Books; 978-0-7391-3480-1 hardback 39.95 [pounds sterling]. Food and Gender in Fiji combines an ethnographic study of food--itsprocurement, preparation, consumption and meaning--with archaeologicalresearch on midden middendungheap. deposits and the cooking features used to preparefood. The setting is Nayau, a small island in eastern Fiji where theauthor and her colleagues conducted seven months of fieldwork over twoand a half years. The aim, a standard one in ethnoarchaeologicalresearch, is to identify processes that may explain observed behavioursand material culture patterning in the present and, by extension,material culture patterning wit hin the archaeological record The archaeological record is a term used in archaeology to denote all archaeological evidence, including the physical remains of past human activities which archaeologists seek out and record in an attempt to analyze and reconstruct the past. . Jones isquite frank when introducing her research questions, stating that she isnot successful in generating any answers (if we could all be so honest),but rather explores the social processes involving gender, hierarchy andideology. In particular, she is interested in the use of these conceptsto explain the distribution of archaeofaunal remains and contemporarybehaviour. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The text consists of six chapters and two appendices covering theidiosyncrasies of Fijian fieldwork (chapter one), the environmental,prehistoric and social background of the region (two),ethnoarchaeological theory and the anthropology of food (three),contemporary food consumption, food disposal patterns and archa eologicaldata (four), contemporary fishing methods (five), and the(ethno)archaeological implications of the research (six). The twoappendices include ethnographic interview data and the archaeologicalmethods employed. The book's strength is the well-structuredpresentation of archaeological and ethnographic data; in particularthorough data on distributions of faunal elements are juxtaposed jux¡¤ta¡¤pose?tr.v. jux¡¤ta¡¤posed, jux¡¤ta¡¤pos¡¤ing, jux¡¤ta¡¤pos¡¤esTo place side by side, especially for comparison or contrast. toethnographic observations including cooking customs, eating and the useof space, and skeletal analyses of food remains. Two issues raised bythe book are of more general interest. Archaeological variation, such as that captured in a distributionof skeletal elements, can be analysed using, for example, an optimalitymodel, like netcaloric return, or culture-specific preferences. Jonesopts to investigate explanatory processes developed from contemporaryFijian c ultural preferences regarding status using different partsoffish off¡¤ish?adj.Inclined to be distant and reserved; aloof.offish¡¤ly adv.off . The head of a fish is considered appropriate fare forhigh-status people in Fiji and Jones found disproportionately highcounts of cranial cranial/cra¡¤ni¡¤al/ (-al)1. pertaining to the cranium.2. toward the head end of the body; a synonym of superior in humans and other bipeds.cra¡¤ni¡¤aladj. elements in one of her 13 site-assemblages. This leadsher to suggest that 'heads may have been preferred, or at leastfrequently eaten, by the occupants of these archaeologicalhouseholds' (p. 85). In several passages Jones notes thatculturally-specific social frameworks such as that used in this examplemay provide a more appropriate and deeper understanding ofarchaeological data. It is true, that most simple optimality modelswould not predict an abundance offish heads in archaeofaunal assemblageshowever, this reviewer would point out that neither cu lture-specificmodels nor optimality models are more appropriate. All models areartificial, and in archaeology they should be derived, in part at least,from the kind of empirical observations to which they are applied: canwe measure what the model demands us to measure? Can we unambiguouslysay archaeological bones that are 2000 to 1000 years old measure statusthe same way that bones deposited yesterday seem to? This of course isthe fatal flaw for much ethnoarchaeology Ethnoarchaeology is the ethnographic study of peoples for archaeological reasons, usually focusing on the material remains of a society, rather than its culture. Ethnoarchaeology aids archaeologists in reconstructing ancient lifeways by studying the material and non-material . A second general issue arising from Jones' research concernsthe nature of the archaeological record. Jones notes that not all foodconsumed by individuals ends up in archaeological middens. Herobservations of individuals' frequent 'snackin g' when inthe cookhouse cook¡¤house?n.A building used for cooking, as at a camp.Noun 1. cookhouse - the area for food preparation on a shipcaboose, ship's galley, galleycuddy - the galley or pantry of a small ship , when fishing, when preparing earth-ovens and at othertimes, suggests that archaeological middens do not representPompeii-like snapshots of eating habits. Or as Jones states:'zooarchaeologcial remains are the result of many meals over thecourse of a family's occupation of a site or use-life of a cookingfeature' (p. 114). For students of archaeological theory Archaeological theory covers the debates over the practice of archaeology and the interpretation of archaeological results. There is no single theory of archaeology, and even definitions are disputed. thisrecalls the Binford-Schiffer debates and the necessity of creatingexplicit links between observational units used to describe thearchaeological record and the explanatory processes used to interpretthose desc riptions. This second general issue is relevant to the whole work. Theexplanatory processes related to status, space and food consumptionJones presents are generated in an ethnographic setting and primarilyamong a group of immediate family members. However, despite statementsto the contrary, the archaeological record here is not divided into'archaeological households'. Midden deposits do not representa knowable number of families. Cooking features may be the product ofone meal or 30. The ethnoarchaeological framework here is built toexplain observations of families, villages, men and women, chiefs andcommoners, but the archaeological record does not consist of thesethings. Ethnoarchaeology, Jones' work included, helps us refine ourobservations of the archaeological record, helps us keep track of thepossibilities of human behaviour, but to explain the archaeologicalrecord we need to build theory with that record in mind. ETHAN E. COCHRANE International Archaeological Resea rch Institute Inc., Honolulu,Hawaii For the city and county of Honolulu, see City & County of Honolulu.“Honolulu” redirects here. For other uses, see Honolulu (disambiguation).Honolulu is the capital as well as the most populous community of the State of Hawaii, United States. , USA (Email: ecochrane@iarii.org)

Of stones and spirits: pursuing the past of Antelope Hill.

Of stones and spirits: pursuing the past of Antelope Hill. JOAN S. SCHNEIDER & JEFFREY H. ALTSCHUL (ed.). Of stones andspirits: pursuing the past of Antelope Hill (Technical Series 76Statistical Research). xvi+228 pages, 90 figures, 18 tables, CD-ROM.2000. Tucson (AZ): Statistical Research; 1-879442-76-0 paperback $35. Antelope Hill crops out of the lower Gila Valley, in Arizona. Rockart attests the interest of Native people in ancient times and recent,as too of colonists. It has also long been quarried and, by allaccounts, its products were borne far and wide. The site has now beenregistered as a Traditional Cultural Property. In this connection, andin advance of more large-scale quarrying, Of stones and spirits reportson archaeological recording of the site and recommendations for managingit. Consultations were carried out with Native pe ople (`the rock ... wasprovided by the creator' for tool makers (p.80); cp. BRAY, below);historical research was carried out; and the archaeological workincluded survey, test trenches, reference to experimental archaeology Experimental archaeology employs a number of different methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches in order to generate and test hypotheses or an interpretation, based upon archaeological source material, like ancient structures or artifacts. ,and one of the first attempts to use `cosmogenic-isotope' dating ofsurface features (somewhat inconclusive INCONCLUSIVE. What does not put an end to a thing. Inconclusive presumptions are those which may be overcome by opposing proof; for example, the law presumes that he who possesses personal property is the owner of it, but evidence is allowed to contradict this presumption, and show who is results from sampling[sup.36]Cl). The accompanying CD has very good photographs of the siteand its rock art and three short films -- it requires a lot of memory toplay. It is exceedingly ex¡¤ceed¡¤ing¡¤ly?adv.To an advanced or unusual degree; extremely.exceedinglyAdverbvery; extremelyAdv. 1. interesting to study such a systematicappraisal.

Susan Pearce (ed.). Visions of Antiquity. The Society of Antiquaries of London 1707-2007.

Susan Pearce (ed.). Visions of Antiquity. The Society of Antiquaries of London 1707-2007. SUSAN PEARCE (ed.). Visions of Antiquity. The Society ofAntiquaries of London The Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL) is a learned society, based in the United Kingdom, concerned with "the encouragement, advancement and furtherance of the study and knowledge of the antiquities and history of this and other countries". 1707-2007. xii+452 pages, 116 b&w colourillustrations, 27 tables. 2007. London: Society of Antiquaries ofLondon; 978-0-85431-287-0 hardback 75 [pounds sterling]. This rich and erudite er¡¤u¡¤dite?adj.Characterized by erudition; learned. See Synonyms at learned.[Middle English erudit, from Latin volume brings together a set of scholarlyarticles on the past, present and future of the Society of Antiquariesof London. Many of the papers emphasise the unusual origins of thissociety, formed through the private and professional passions ofgentlemen scholars for the study of antiquities (the Royal Charter onlybeing granted in 1751). With its origins in the early eighteenthcentury, the early interdisciplinarity of this society makes this volumean invaluable addition to the history of archaeology The history of archaeology has been one of increasing professionalisation, and the use of an increasing range of techniques, to obtain as much data on the site being examined as possible. OriginsThe exact origins of archaeology as a discipline are uncertain. , which will also beof interest to anthropologists, historians and social scientists. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The unusual 'fellowship' of this community made forlively debate, and various papers touch on both the serendipitous ser¡¤en¡¤dip¡¤i¡¤ty?n. pl. ser¡¤en¡¤dip¡¤i¡¤ties1. The faculty of making fortunate discoveries by accident.2. The fact or occurrence of suc h discoveries.3. An instance of making such a discovery. relationships forged through its membership, as well as the tensions anddisagreements that arose in this ferment ferment/fer¡¤ment/ (fer-ment¡ä) to undergo fermentation; used for the decomposition of carbohydrates. fer¡¤mentn.1. of ideas and clash ofidentities (papers by MacGregor, Sweet and Hingley). The selectivemembership of the early Society--based both on financially demandingsubscriptions and personal connections--is not shied away from, andBarker's contribution updates this analysis by considering thecontemporary membership and constitution of the Society. Whilst somebiases are still evident (women are still under-represented althoughtheir relative percentage of the membership has risen over the last fewdecades), Gaimster sets out an important agenda for further diversifyinggrowth of this 'tree with many branches' (as Mortimer Wheeler Brigadier Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler CH, CIE, MC, FBA, FSA (September 1 0, 1890 Glasgow – July 22, 1976 London), was one of the best-known British archaeologists of the twentieth century. described the Society). Many of the papers skilfully set theinstitution's changing fortunes within the broader context ofcontemporary social events, as well as evaluate the influence ofindividual Presidents and their roles in politics or academia. Rivalryand competition with other institutions (such as the Royal Society) isalso colourfully discussed. Important issues--such as the development of deep-time chronologiesand challenging of biblically-based timeframes (Hingley), the refinementof typologies and critique of conceptual frameworks (Evans), or thecourse followed by protective legislation for monuments (Morris)--arewell documented and evaluated. Equally, some of the more recent rolesplayed by the Society are given prominence in later papers: vitalsupport for major excavation programmes in the twentieth century(Fulford), the Society's part in the inc reasing professionalisation Noun 1. professionalisation - the social process whereby people come to engage in an activity for pay or as a means of livelihood; "the professionalization of American sports"; "the professionalization of warfare"professionalization of the discipline (Barker) and its current remit as both advisory andlobbying group for contemporary issues of national archaeologicalimportance. This volume is lavishly illustrated with both black and whiteillustrations and colour plates, bringing out the marvellous visuallegacy of the Society; it includes an insightful evaluation of how earlyantiquarians were 'seen' (Woolf) as well as how theypioneered, fostered and encouraged the development of technically andaesthetically adept representations of antiquities (Myrone and Smiles).It also highlights the importance of the Society's financial,infrastructural and academic resources (such as its library and meetingplaces, see papers by Nurse and Sweet respectively). One of the keyacademic outcomes of the Society was Archaeologia, first published in1770, and initially based upon papers presented to the Society'smeetings and drawn from its minute books. Hingley presents a revealinganalysis of the topics and themes which featured in its pages, showinghow members' interests changed over rime. This is usefullycomplemented by Barker's later exploration of the content andcharacter of the Antiquaries Journal, published from 1921 onwards. Thelack of an extensive collection of objects is also considered bydifferent authors, and related to the private acquisition practices ofthe members and haphazard nature of donations, as well as lack ofquality material and appropriate storage or exhibition space. Had thingsbeen different, wonders Pearce, might this not have resulted in anational museum of archaeology? Meanwhile, papers by Evans and Smilesbring out the 'performance of the past' which characterisedthe nineteenth century meetings, with imaginative mag ic lantern shows,facsimiles, maps, plans, sections, models and reconstructions, all usedto bring the past to life. One of the highlights of this volume is the way in which individualpapers move with ease between the documentary and artefactual adj. 1. of or pertaining to an artefact.2. made by human actions.Adj. 1. artefactual - of or relating to artifactsartifactual evidencefor the Society's activities, bringing an up-to-date,museologically informed approach to the history of collecting,exhibiting and debating the past (especially papers by Pearce, Evans,Smiles and Turner). Individual members' biographies are explored inrelation to their network of connections, the changing ideological orconceptual frameworks within which they worked, and the material remainsupon which they established both their professional reputations as wellas the cornerstones of archaeological knowledge. These clearly written, fascinating studies are a pleasure to read,and the volume provides an indi spensable insight into not only into theworkings of an individual society, but the construction of thediscipline itself. MELANIE GILES School of Arts, Histories & Cultures, University of Manchester The University of Manchester is a university located in Manchester, England. With over 40,000 students studying 500 academic programmes, more than 10,000 staff and an annual income of nearly ¡ê600 million it is the largest single-site University in the United Kingdom and receives ,UK (Email: melanie.giles@manchester.ac.uk)

The changing pattern of archaeological excavation in England; as reflected by the Excavation Index.

The changing pattern of archaeological excavation in England; as reflected by the Excavation Index. The Excavation Index, a national index of excavations compiled by theRoyal Commission, makes it possible to generate some statistics on thechanging pattern of English archaeology, as reflected in the number andperiods of sites dug.IntroductionIn a recent note in ANTIQUITY, Michael Morris Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin (1914–1999), usually known as Lord Killanin, was the former head of the International Olympic Committee. Michael Morris, 1st Baron Killanin (1826–1901), Irish lawyer and political figure, became the first Lord Killanin in (1992) examined thedevelopment of Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, a n alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the studies in England from 1840 to 1960. Hestates, 'It is a key assumption of this study that the broadchanges apparent in Bronze Age studies . . . are a microcosm of thelarger discipline', but goes on to lament that 'littlecomparable statistical data has been compiled for the rest ofprehistoric studies or indeed for archaeology as a whole' (Morris1992: 419). One source drawn on by Morris, the Excavation Indexmaintained by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments ofEngland The Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) was the body formerly responsible for documenting the records of English Historical Monuments. It was merged with English Heritage on 1 April 1999.[1] Notes1. (RCHME RCHME Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (UK)), can provide a range of statistics on the history ofarchaeological excavation in England. This not e is intended to setMorris' findings for Bronze Age studies into the context of'archaeology as a whole', using data from the ExcavationIndex.The Excavation IndexSince 1978 the National Archaeological Record The archaeological record is a term used in archaeology to denote all archaeological evidence, including the physical remains of past human activities which archaeologists seek out and record in an attempt to analyze and reconstruct the past. (NAR NAR National Association of REALTORSNAR Nucleic Acids Research (journal)NAR National Association of RocketryNAR Nationale Arbeidsraad (Dutch: National Labor Council; Brussels, Belgium)) of RCHME has beencompiling an index of archaeological excavations carried out in England.The project has four main aims: to compile a list of all excavations inEngland; to locate the original records from those excavations; tolocate the finds from those excavations; to indicate those excavationsfor which a report has been published. The informati on noted for eachseparate excavation, recorded in retrievable fields on the computerizeddatabase, includes: locational details, period and type of remainsrecovered, name of the director of the excavation, dates of excavation,sponsoring and funding bodies, the location of finds, the location andcontent of the archive, any publications.At the time of writing the Index contains over 26,000 recordsnationally, and this figure increases annually through maintenance andenhancement. Its scope has recently been expanded to include surveysfunded by HBMC and its predecessors, watching briefs since 1960 andevaluations.As the compilation of the Index has progressed, the trends in anddistribution of excavations within individual counties have beenexamined: Norfolk (Beagrie & Gurney gurney/gur¡¤ney/ (gur¡äne) a wheeled cot used in hospitals. gur¡¤neyn. pl. gur¡¤neysA metal stretcher with wheeled legs, used for transporting patients. 1988), Greater London (Sargent1990), Surrey (Beagrie & Scott 1990), Suffolk (Carr 1991) andnortheast England (RCHME 1991). The following discussion is based onnational statistics. Future maintenance and enhancement of the Indexwill mean that these figures should be regarded as provisional.Bronze Age studies and national trends in excavationTABLE 1 records the number of all excavations and the numbers forselected periods for each decade from the 1790s to the 1970s. Thistime-scale was chosen to provide a background to the developmentsidentified by Morris. FIGURE 1 confirms that the pattern identified byMorris for Bronze Age studies in outline reflects the overall pattern: apeak in the 1840s-1860s is followed by a decline between 1870s-1910s,with a further sharp rise from 1920s, interrupted by the Second WorldWar, that continues again from the 1950s.decade Bronze Roman medieval total Age1790s 35 23 4 651800s 522 46 3 5991810s 63 37 10 15218 20s 95 66 10 1931830s 45 48 16 1161840s 397 117 35 6021850s 362 137 34 6521860s 419 136 40 6961870s 255 92 54 4591880s 222 133 74 5031890s 171 171 77 4891900s 129 200 119 5321910s 104 161 92 4691920s 177 475 220 10701930s 340 738 302 16721940s 170 443 206 9391950s 368 1276 752 27601960s 430 1678 1331 39201970s 475 2021 2119 5271TABLE 1. Number of excavations on the Excavation Index bydecade, 1790s-1970s.Many differences in detail are, however, apparent. While Bronze Agestudies decline in the late 19th century the total number of excavationsstabilizes at a reduced level, and while they echo the general patternfrom the 1920s onwards they never regain the domi nance they enjoyedbefore the 1870s.General discussionTrends in excavation generally will now be considered. The longerperspective of FIGURE 2 highlights the suddenness of the increase inexcavation in the 1840s. Prior to that date, archaeology was thepreserve of a few men of leisure, although a gradual upward trend in thenumber of excavations per decade can be seen. The sharp peak of activityin the 1800s was due entirely to the work of Sir Richard Colt Hoare andWilliam Cunnington William Cunnington (1754–31 December, 1810) was a pioneering English antiquarian and archaeologist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. His work centred on excavating the barrows of Salisbury Plain. , who opened 465 mounds between 1803 and 1810 (Marsden1974: 17): the number of excavations on Roman and medieval sites duringthe decade is as expected.The 1840s saw archaeology emerge as a fashionable pursuit forgentlemen and the rising middle classes (Morris 1992). This wasexemplifi ed by the foundation and rising membership of theArchaeological Association AssociationAssociation in archaeology has more than one meaning and is confusing to the layman. Archaeology has been critiqued as a soft science with a somewhat poor standardization of terms. in 1843, which claimed 1200 (male) members inits first year (Marsden 1984: 25), and of the Archaeological Institutein 1845. The county societies quickly followed over the next twodecades: e.g. Norfolk 1846, Sussex 1846, Bedfordshire 1847,Buckinghamshire 1847, Suffolk 1848, Somerset 1849 (Levine 1986: AppendixIV).As archaeology gained in popularity, the rate of excavation increaseddramatically, reaching a peak in the 1860s that was not surpassed for 60years. These were the decades of the great barrow openers, particularlyThomas Bateman (1821-61), William Greenwell Canon William Greenwell (23 March, 1820 – 27 January, 1918) was an English archaeologist. External linksThe Greenwell Project Homepage (Durham Un iversity) (1820-1918), and JohnMortimer This article is about the writer. For the leader of the Kent rebellion, see Jack Cade.Sir John Clifford Mortimer CBE QC (born 21 April 1923) is an English barrister turned prolific writer and dramatist. (1825-1911): Greenwell and Mortimer were both at their mostactive during the 1860s. Barrow opening became the fashion; M.A. Lower,a schoolmaster SCHOOLMASTER. One employed in teaching a school. 2. A schoolmaster stands in loco parentis in relation to the pupils committed to his charge, while they are under his care, so far as to enforce obedience to his, commands, lawfully given in his capacity of in Lewes, wrote in 1852, 'I have to-day beenteaching the "young idea |i.e. youth~ how to dig" barrows.Armed with pickaxes and shovels my pupils and I have partially excavateda barrow near the race-course' (quoted in Salzman 1946: 13).During these decades the number of excavations on Roman sites alsoincreased, though the figure was nowhere nea r as high as that for BronzeAge sites and barrow openings, probably reflecting the greater amount oftime required to excavate a non-barrow site. There were, perhapssurprisingly, very few excavations on medieval sites at this time,despite the fact that many county societies combined interests inarchaeology and ecclesiastical architecture.The decades following the peak of activity in the 1860s saw a loss ofenthusiasm for excavation, the number declining by about one-third to arate which was then maintained until the 1920s. However, archaeology inthe broader sense remained popular, and membership of the countysocieties continued to rise. Although the societies themselves believedthat membership declined from the 1880s, blaming this in part upon thegrowth of new leisure pursuits, Levine (1986: 65-6) found that theaverage rise in membership at this time was about double the averagedecline; the membership of the Sussex Archaeological Society The Sussex Archaeological Society, foun ded in 1846, is the largest county-based archaeological society in the UK. Its headquarters are in Lewes, Sussex. The current chief executive of the society is John Manley. rose almostcontinuously towards the close of the 19th century (see annual reportsin Sussex Archaeological Collections This is the title of the official journal published by the (Lewes based) Sussex Archaeological Society (SAS). It has been published almost annually since 1848 and is distributed to its members, subscribers and exchanged with other linked societies. ). One of the mainstays of thesocieties in the later 19th century was the excursion, and Hudson (1981:43) argues that the role of the new railway system in allowing people toattend meetings and to go on excursions should not be underestimated.Another measure of the vigour of archaeology is publication. Onehundred and one members contributed articles to the first 25 volumes (to1873) of the Sussex Archaeological Collections, while a further 89memb ers contributed to the next 25 volumes (Salzman 1946: 67-8).Architecture was also a valid area of study; the first 20 years of theProceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society,founded in 1885, were dominated by studies of standing buildings(Whinney 1985).It was during the closing decade of the 19th century that the numberof excavations on sites of the Roman period overtook those of the BronzeAge, which never regained dominance. Marsden (1992: 423) suggested thatthis may have been due to the depletion of the stock of unexcavatedupstanding barrows. It could alternatively be a consequence of theemergence of archaeology as a more rounded discipline, as demonstratedby the broader concern (in principle) of the Ancient MonumentsProtection Act of 1882.The number of excavations rose rapidly once again in the 1920s and1930s, as a handful of professional posts in museums, universities andother institutions provided support for 'a new and self-consciously"profession al" elite network' of archaeologists (Morris1992: 423). Amateurs and the societies continued, however, to make amajor contribution. Excavations on sites of the Roman period weredominant, while those on Bronze Age sites once more increased innumbers. It was not until the 1920s that medieval sites began to attractsignificant attention from excavators, perhaps reflecting an increase inurban archaeology.This sharp growth in excavation was interrupted by the Second WorldWar, but continued subsequently with urban renewal and the developmentof professional units. Multi-period urban sites have been the focus ofmuch excavation over the last 50 years, helping to confirm the dominanceof the Roman and medieval periods over prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to .ConclusionsExcavation is only one among many indicators of the state ofarchaeology nationally, albeit a significant one. Morris used theevidence of publication to trace the academic development of thediscipline, while a study of local society membership would fill out thepicture further. However, data from the Excavation Index has confirmedthat the pattern of Bronze Age studies identified by Morris does reflectthe pattern of archaeology in England as a whole, despite thedifferences in detail discussed above.Using the IndexThe database created by the Index, a national archaeologicalresource, is available in the standard format for the whole of England.It is computerized, allowing information to be retrieved from anycombination of fields. The NAR also houses a large and expandingcollection of excavation and other archaeological records on microfilmwhich is available for public consultation.Enquiries may be made by personal visit, telephone or letter asdetailed below. On-l ine searching of the Index is possible via acomputer terminal in the NAR library in Fortress House. Catalogues canbe generated in answer to specific enquiries. This service is free, witha small charge for the cost of printout.Contact addressNational Archaeological Record RCHME Fortress House Savile Row LondonW1X 2JQTelephone: 071-973-3148Acknowledgements. I would like to thank my colleagues for theiradvice and assistance in preparing this note.ReferencesBEAGRIE, N. & E. SCOTT. 1990. The Surrey Excavations Index,Surrey Archaeological Collections 80: 179-85.BEAGRIE, N. & D. GURNEY. 1988. The Norfolk Excavations Index,Norfolk Archaeology 40(2): 185-93.CARR, J. 1991. The Suffolk Excavation Index, Proceedings of theSuffolk Institute of Archaeology The Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History is the County Archaeological Society for the County of Suffolk, UK. It was established as the Bury and West Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, at Bury St Edmunds (in the former cou nty of West Suffolk) in 1848, but acquired a function 37: 179-85.HUDSON, K. 1981. A social history of archaeology The history of archaeology has been one of increasing professionalisation, and the use of an increasing range of techniques, to obtain as much data on the site being examined as possible. OriginsThe exact origins of archaeology as a discipline are uncertain. : the Britishexperience. London: Macmillan.LEVINE, P. 1986. The amateur and the professional: antiquarians,historians and archaeologists in Victorian England, 1838-1886.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). .MARSDEN, B.M. 1974. The early barrow diggers Diggers,members of a small English religio-economic movement (fl. 1649–50), so called because they attempted to dig (i.e., cultivate) the wastelands. They were a n offshoot of the more important group of Puritan extremists known as the Levelers. . Aylesbury: Shire.1984. Pioneers in prehistory: leaders and landmarks in Englisharchaeology (1500-1900). Ormskirk: Hesketh.MORRIS, M. 1992. The rise and fall of Bronze Age studies in England1840-1960, Antiquity 66: 419-26.RCHME. 1991. Excavations in north-east England: a note on theExcavation Index for England, Archaeologia Aeliana 19: 123-6.SALZMAN, L.F. 1946. A history of the Sussex Archaeological Society,Sussex Archaeological Collections 85: 3-76.SARGENT, A. 1990. The Greater London Excavation Index, LondonArchaeologist 6 (8): 216-21.WHINNEY, R. 1985. One hundred years of Hampshire archaeology,Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society 41:21-36.ANDREW SARGENT, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments ofEngland, Fortress House, 23 Savile Row, London W1X 2JQ, England.